0 First Year Fees

M.Phil. Sanskrit or Master of Philosophy in Sanskrit is a postgraduate Sanskrit language course. Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. 


0 First Year Fees

Ph.D. Sanskrit or Doctor of Philosophy in Sanskrit is a Doctorate Sanskrit degree course. It is subjective in nature and undertakes the research work in depth. On the completion of a doctorate, degree scholars should submit their 'thesis' and then they deserve the respective degree. Regarding Ph.D. (Sanskrit), it is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism. It is also used in some of the religious texts in Jainism and Buddhism. 

0 First Year Fees

B.Com. or Bachelor of Commerce is an undergraduate commerce course. The Graduate Course can be pursued through Correspondence or Distance Education depending upon one’s choice. B.Com. (General) is often referred to as simply B.Com. or B.Com. Pass Course. It is General in the sense that it is not Subject Specific and one can choose any combinations of subjects, apart from 1-2 Compulsory Subjects. These combinations vary from institute to institute. 

0 First Year Fees

A master of business administration (MBA) is a graduate degree that gives theoretical and practical training for business or investment management. An MBA is meant to assist graduates gain a higher understanding of general business management functions. The MBA degree can have a general focus or a selected focus in fields like accounting, finance, or marketing, including relationship managers.To get into an MBA program, an applicant must take the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) and be accepted by the program supported its selection criteria.While MBA candidates can specialise in one among the core disciplines of the degree, like management or finance, many MBA programs allow students to develop concentrations in specific industries.

Bachelors in Business Administration (BBA) []

0 First Year Fees

BBA is a 3-year professional undergraduate program which deals with Business Management. Those who have completed their higher secondary education (10+2) from a recognized board with at least 55% academic aggregate are eligible to apply for this course.

0 First Year Fees

M.Com. or Master of Commerce is a postgraduate academic degree that is awarded after the successful completion of a two years program. The Master's degree course covers the study of principles of accounting, economic theory, micro and macroeconomics, money and banking systems, knowledge about business, trade and its characteristics and policies involved, etc. In the final year, the students opt for specialized study in any one of the fields of Commerce such as Statistics, Taxation, Marketing, Accounting & Finance, Banking, Insurance, etc. 

B.E. Mechanical Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

B.E. Mechanical Engineering is a 4-year undergraduate Engineering course, deals with the study of mechanics, kinetics, statistics, material science, thermodynamics, and structural dynamics used in development, designing, production, construction, operation, installation, and maintenance of machines, tools, and various other mechanical equipment. B.E. Mechanical Engineering course introduces fundamental concepts of machine design system and machine operation. In this course, candidates learn the physical properties of motion, force, stress, and principles of equilibrium, elasticity, compatibility and the behavior of machines.

B.E. Electronics & Communication Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) is a 4 year undergraduate degree program , deals with the investigation and study of design, installation, manufacture, and operation of electronic tools a, d equipment, telecommunication systems, systems and machinery, radio, computers, and TVs used in the computer industry, hospitals, entertainment media, defense forces and in numerous other areas. The program provides a sound establishment for people wishing to seek a career in Electronics & Communication engineering, control systems, communications, sensor systems and robotics through an assorted scope of practical experience and theoretical skills, exhibited with regards to real applications and design expertise and experience.

B.E Computer Science and Engineering [BE CSE]

0 First Year Fees

B.E. Computer Science is a 4 year undergraduate Engineering course deals with the construction, design, maintenance, operation of computer software and hardware. This course introduces the software and hardware aspects of both computer applications and computer design. The course explores the interaction between modern computer science and related technologies that have evolved design principles of engineering and mathematical into the developmental of modern computing systems.

B.E. Electrical & Electronics Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

B.E. Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE) is 4-year undergraduate degree course that deals with all the areas of electronics and electrical engineering. hose areas include circuits, machines, Power systems, instruments etc. Electrical Engineering is responsible for generating, transferring and conversion of electric power. Electronic engineering is an engineering field that deals with transmission of information using radio signals. The main objective of this course is to make the students more productive and professionally more innovative in the field of electronics and electrical industry.

B.E. Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

B.E. Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering is a three-year undergraduate course trains engineers and professionals who can meet the needs of industry-power Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, power Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering applications in power systems and the transportation sector. The course covers advanced topics in micro-processors and micro-controllers which are very much needed for today's Power Electronics and Instrumentation engineer.

B.E CIVIL ENGINEERING []

0 First Year Fees

B.E. Civil Engineering is a 4-year full-time undergraduate engineering course deals with the construction, design, and maintenance of structures and works like tunnels, bridges, buildings, canals, waterworks, airports, sewage systems, waterways and canals, highways and railroads, dams and powerhouses, sewage disposal system, water treatment, ports, harbors, docks, etc. B.E. Civil Engineering course introduces the elements of surveying with construction on applications for the construction process.

M.E Computer Science and Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

M.E. in computer Science Engineering is a full-time 2 year Postgraduate master’s degree. M.E. in computer Engineering course combines the computer science and electrical engineering academic disciplines to increase the new computer systems. in this course, candidates combine their understanding of computer software and hardware to develop new computer devices or improve an existing device. This course aims to train students on procedures and the newest relevant techniques in computer engineering field.

M.E Power Systems Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

M.E. Power System Engineering or Master of Engineering in Power System Engineering is a postgraduate Power System Engineering.  Power system engineering is about keeping things in balance. Not just the balance between generation and load or between production and consumption of reactive power. It is also about the balance between the cost of energy and its environmental impact or the balance between the reliability of the supply and sides of these equations and then how to improve the balances through technological advances and the implementation of sophisticated computing techniques. 

M.E EMBEDDED SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES []

0 First Year Fees

M.E. Embedded System Technologies or Master of Engineering in Embedded System Technologies is a postgraduate Embedded Systems course. M.E program provides a deeper understanding of the mathematical, theoretical, practical and application aspects of the embedded system area. The curriculum comprises of subjects related to the embedded systems area under the broad categories of mathematics for electrical engineering, fundamental and advanced topics in embedded system, and applications of embedded system in communication, image and video processing, computer vision, digital instrumentation, microcontroller-based design, Advanced VLSI Circuits and computer network areas.

M.E ENGINEERING DESIGN []

0 First Year Fees

M.E. Engineering design is a full-time 2-year post-graduate course in Engineering design program.M.E. Engineering design course is an integrated study of understanding the designing disciplines involved in engineering. A comprehensive study of analyzing the problem, reading through the data minutely, later on using the skills acquired through the study, candidates are able to develop or create a solution to fulfill the need of end consumer. M.E. Engineering design trains college students to gather information and understand logistics, design, formulate the protocol, thereby configure the operations on the computer.

0 First Year Fees

BSc Mathematics is a 3 year undergraduate academic degree course offered to those graduates who have successfully completed a program in mathematics. The minimum eligibility to pursue BSc Mathematics is a 10+2 qualification from a good school and the minimum percentage needed in 10+2 to do this course differs from college to college.

0 First Year Fees

M.Sc. (Master of Science) Mathematics is a postgraduate course in Mathematics. The course has a duration of 2-years which is divided into 4 semesters. The main aim of the course is to provide in-depth knowledge to the students in advanced applied mathematics and prepare them for various research activities.

0 First Year Fees

M.Phil. Mathematics or Master of Philosophy in Mathematics is a postgraduate research course in mathematics. Though a mirror equivalent of Ph.D., this course is different from it in some aspects. Many colleges offer this course in an integrated form with Ph.D. also. The course duration is generally 2 years but can be more if distance education is pursued.

0 First Year Fees

Ph.D. Mathematics is a Doctorate of Mathematics course. It is the study of structure, space, quantity, and change. It seeks out patterns and formulates new conjectures. On the completion of a doctorate, scholars should submit their ‘thesis’ and, then they deserve the respective degree they are pursuing.

0 First Year Fees

B.Sc. Physics or Bachelor of Science in Physics is an undergraduate Physics course. Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space-time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted to understand how the universe behaves. The duration of the course is three years and the syllabus is divided into six semesters.


0 First Year Fees

M.Sc. Physics or Master of Science in Physics is a postgraduate Physics course. Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space-time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted to understand how the universe behaves. The duration of M.Sc. in Physics is mostly of two academic years but it varies from institute to institute. 


0 First Year Fees

M.Phil. in Physics is a two-year pre doctorate course. Eligibility for the course is masters' degree in psychology and intermediate cleared.

0 First Year Fees

Doctor of Philosophy or PhD Physics is a 3 year doctorate program that is considered an ideal degree for students who want to pursue a full-time period of independent research which equips students with research skills and specialist knowledge. The PhD Physics course consists of research-based subjects that are performed practically. The course covers subjects such as Quantum Optics and Laser Physics, Matter Physics, Solid State Physics, and Materials Science, High Energy Physics, Nonlinear Optics, and Electronic Science.

0 First Year Fees

B.Sc. Chemistry or Bachelor of Science in Chemistry is an undergraduate Chemistry course. Chemistry deals with the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behaviour, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. B.Sc. (Chemistry) is a physical science course which studies various substances, atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination and which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. B.Sc. in Chemistry is of three years duration course having six semesters.

0 First Year Fees

M.Sc. Chemistry or Master of Science in Chemistry is a postgraduate Chemistry course. Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. 

0 First Year Fees

M.Phil. Chemistry or Master of Philosophy in Chemistry is a postgraduate Chemistry course. Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. The science of matter is also addressed by physics, but while physics takes a more general and fundamental approach, chemistry is more specialized, being concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science which studies various substances, atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination and which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes. 

0 First Year Fees

Ph.D. Chemistry or Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry is Doctorate Chemistry course. Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behaviour, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes. Chemistry is sometimes called ‘the central science’ because it connects physics with other natural sciences such as astronomy, geology and biology. On the completion of doctorate degree scholars should submit their ‘thesis’ and then they deserve the respective degree.

0 First Year Fees

Bachelor of Computer Applications is a three-year undergraduate course which deals with information technology and computer applications. The course imparts knowledge about different computer applications and how to solve and address the problems which arise from a computer and its applications. The course includes subjects such as core programming languages Java and C++, data structure, networking and others. BCA provides various opportunities to the students who wish to pursue their career in IT and software.

Master of Computer Applications (MCA) []

0 First Year Fees

M.C.A. or Master of Computer Applications is a postgraduate Information Technology course. Computer Application is a use of the computer to solve a specific problem or to accomplish a job for an end user. For example, common business computer applications include sales order processing, inventory control, and payroll. It is popularly known as M.C.A. which is an abbreviated form of Master Computer Applications. 

B.Sc Computer Science []

0 First Year Fees

BSc Computer Science (BSc CS) is a 3-year undergraduate program that deals with the subjects and topics related to computer science, computer application, and its services. The main aim of this program is to create quality professionals and research fellows who can work in every sector of the world by implementing the technology of computer systems and software.

0 First Year Fees

BA in Tamil is a 3-year undergraduate course, the minimum eligibility for pursuance of which is an intermediate (10+2) qualification from a recognized educational Board, in any stream.

0 First Year Fees

M.A. Tamil or Master of Arts in Tamil is a postgraduate Tamil Language and Literature course. Tamil literature refers to the literature in the Tamil language. It has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. 

0 First Year Fees

M.Phil. (Tamil) is a 2 year course. Eligibility for the course is bachelor’s degree in psychology and intermediate cleared. Students have to go through personal interviews also after clearing the entrance test to get admission into respective course.

0 First Year Fees

Ph.D. in Tamil is a 3-5 year course. Eligibility for the course is a masters / m.phil. degree in Tamil and intermediate cleared. Students have to go through personal interviews also after clearing the entrance test to get admission into the respective course.

0 First Year Fees

B.A. English is a 3-year undergraduate course dealing with the various nuances of English as a language, both written and spoken. It is excellent preparation for careers in teaching, media, and advertising, writing, and publishing.

0 First Year Fees

MA English or Master of Arts in English is a 2-year post-graduate course in English & literature studies. It is considered as one of the most demanded courses in terms of career and personal growth. It covers subjects such as English literary studies, criticism, pedagogy, theories, etc, along with the Prose, Poetry, and Drama.

0 First Year Fees

MPhil English or Masters of Philosophy in English is a postgraduate academic research course for 2 years.  It is designed for students who wish to attain a comprehensive background in English language and literature and related topics at an advanced level. 

0 First Year Fees

Ph.D. or D.Phil. English or Doctor of Philosophy in English is a Doctorate degree English course. It is subjective in nature and undertakes the research work in depth. After having passed doctorate degree scholars should submit their ‘thesis’ and then they deserve the respective degree. Regarding Ph.D. (English), it is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was born in Poland, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian, but all are considered important writers in the history of English literature. 

0 First Year Fees

A Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) in Tamil is a two year post graduation course that is taken up by students who wish to make a career in teaching line.  Students who wish to teach this language may seek this course and become Tamil teachers in reputed schools and colleges of India.

0 First Year Fees

B.Ed. English or Bachelor of Education in English is an undergraduate Education course. This course is a two years program which equips the teacher trainees with the latest knowledge and skills in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT). B.Ed. (English) degree study teaches a person about various aspects associated with teaching and aims to provide global perspectives to the professional aspects of ELT. This degree course is very important for becoming a teacher as during the course the students are given wide knowledge of how to handle the complex situations during teaching. 

0 First Year Fees

B.Ed in Mathematics is a 2 year postgraduate course that studies Mathematics in detail. This course is primarily taken up by those students who wish to teach the subject Mathematics in the higher secondary level of education, that is between the classes 6th to 10th. This course imparts knowledge about Mathematics and includes topics like Arithmetic, Trigonometry, Algebra, Geometry and other related topics.

B.Ed. Physical Science []

0 First Year Fees

B. Ed in Physical Science is an undergraduate certificate level program which is of a total of 2 years duration, divided into 4 semesters. The candidates who have passed graduation in Science or any equivalent stream can pursue a course in B. Ed in Physical Science. Through this course, the students are provided with a curriculum of the advanced concept of B. Ed Physical Science with in-depth theoretical and practical knowledge of teaching in Physical Science.

B.Ed. Biological Science []

0 First Year Fees

B.Ed. in Biological Sciences is a 2-year full-time graduate certificate-level course in education. Biology is the discipline of science concerning the human body and its relationship with the environment in general. Interested aspirants hail from areas such as research, academia, conservation centers, laboratories, consulting firms, non-for-profit, and private companies.

0 First Year Fees

B.Ed. in History is a 2-year full-time undergraduate certificate-level course in education. History covers the study of the evolution of human civilizations down the ages i.e. from the pre-historic to the present times.

0 First Year Fees

B. Ed in Commerce is a two years duration undergraduate program which is pursued by the students as a graduation degree. The duration of this course is 2 years which is divided into 4 semesters. The exams are conducted at the end of each semester. The course is majorly focused on the Commerce stream in Bachelors of Education. The students who want to pursue their career as a teaching professional can take admission to this course. The main aim of this course is to provide theoretical and practical knowledge to the students in the stream of commerce subjects such as Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Physical Education, English, etc. The students can become a commerce teacher in any senior or secondary school after completing the course.

B.Ed. Computer Science []

0 First Year Fees

B.Ed. or Bachelor of Education is a two year course that is pursued after graduation. B.Ed. degree is undertaken by those students who wish to create a career in the line of teaching. B.Ed is a highly sought after degree as those graduates who wish to go in teaching line pursue this course.

Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery [BAMS]

0 First Year Fees

B.A.M.S. or Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine & Surgery is an undergraduate Ayurvedic course which is awarded after successful completion of a five and a half years program or course that covers the study of the integrated system of modern medicine and traditional Ayurveda. The full 5½ years duration of the degree includes one year of internship also. The degree course covers the study of modern anatomy, physiology, principles of medicine, social and preventive medicine, pharmacology, toxicology, forensic medicine, botany, ENT, principles of surgery, etc. along with ayurvedic topics. Ayurvedacharya recognition is given to the recipient of a Bachelor’s Degree of Ayurvedic Medicine & Surgery (B.A.M.S) and the degree holders can use the title Vaidyar before their name (abbreviated as Vr).

M.E. Electronics & Control []

0 First Year Fees

M.E. Electronics and Control is a postgraduate Electronics programme.  The program aims to impart expert knowledge in electronics engineering with special focus on design, analysis and manufacturing of electronic devices and components, integrated circuits, wireless devices, digital and analogue working of electronic circuitry for numerous applications. The course offers opportunities to develop imagination and innovation in design solutions, enterprise, leadership and inter-personnel skills. The course is career orienting in nature that offers many scopes after its completion.

B. E. Mechatronics Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

B.E. Mechatronics Engineering is a 4 years’ graduate degree program which is a multidisciplinary study of the engineering field. Mechatronics Engineering is the discipline of science which deals with the study of electronics engineering, mechanical engineering, telecommunications, system engineering, computer engineering, and control engineering. It concentrates on various parts of mechatronics such as modelling, sensors, controllers, real-time computer interfacing and actuators. The Mechatronic Engineering programme provides a wide range of education in the basic standards and principles of Mechatronics, computer engineering and mechanical. Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics and Electronics and Computer control in the design of industrial items and manufacturing procedures.


B.E. Civil & Structural Engineering []

0 First Year Fees

B.Tech Information Technology []

0 First Year Fees

B.Tech Information Technology is an undergraduate 4 years course which focus on computer technology. Devise,  development, execution, support and running of computer-based information systems. Information Technology engineering covers  both software and hardware sectors. It helps to generate, manage, store, communicate, and flow information.

0 First Year Fees

M.A. Sanskrit or Master of Arts in Sanskrit is a postgraduate Sanskrit course. It is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. It is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. The duration of M.A. (Sanskrit) is mostly of two academic years but it may vary from institute to institute.

0 First Year Fees

B.A. Sanskrit or Bachelor of Arts in Sanskrit is an undergraduate Sanskrit course. It concerns the field of arts and covers the areas regarding Sanskrit literature: Society, poetry, prose, drama, novels, grammar, etc. B.A. is generally three academic year degree course

Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) []

0 First Year Fees

BCom Hons or Bachelor of Commerce Honours is an undergraduate commerce (accounts) course. Bachelor of Commerce Honours covers the study of principles of accounting, economic theory, micro and macroeconomics, money and banking systems, knowledge about business, trade and its characteristics and policies involved, etc. Simply, B.Com. (Hons) is a graduate degree program that focuses on the systematic study of the concepts of Accountancy, Business Studies, Statistics, Economics, Mathematics, Finance, Banking, Law, Taxation, Marketing, Management Studies, etc.

M.phil in special education [M.phil in SE]

0 First Year Fees

Ph.D in Special Education []

0 First Year Fees

M.S (Ay) Prasutitantra & Streeroga []

0 First Year Fees

The M. S. in Prasuti Tantra & Streeroga provides training in Ayurvedic Gynecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics. Prasuti tantra deals with pregnancy, labour and puerperium and Streeroga deals with management of diseases manifesting specially in women. The program offers theoretical and practical knowledge in Gynecology and Obstetrics, management of antenatal and postnatal care, common gynecological problems and menopausal syndrome to utilize the techniques of female health care and to achieve a healthy baby.

M.S. (Ay) in SHALYATANTRA []

0 First Year Fees

M.S. Shalya Tantra is a full-time 3 year postgraduate Medical course. Eligibility to which is bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery degree from a recognized university with 60% of marks

MD ( Ay ) Panchakarma []

0 First Year Fees

M.D in Ayurveda- Panchakarma is a full-time 2 year Post-graduate Program in Ayurveda specialized in Panchakarma. The eligibility of the course is clearing the B.A.M.S degree with a minimum aggregate of 50% marks and above. 

MD ( Ay ) Kayachikitsa []

0 First Year Fees

MD in Kayachikitsa is a clinical course. The course imparts training in the division of General Medicine in Ayurveda. As a medical discipline, Kayachikitsa forms the basis of all other branches of Ayurvedic treatment, and hence lays the foundation for advanced skills in Ayurveda.

MD (Ay) Rasashastra & Bhaishajyakalpana []

0 First Year Fees

Rasashastra is a branch of Pharmacy that deals with the study of chemical substances that are used as medicines in ayurveda & their detoxification & processing etc; whereas Bhaishajya Kalpana is a pharmaceutical department that deals with medicinal preparation.

About College

The Maha Swamiji of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam had cherished a desire to revive Kanchipuram to its pristine glory as a center of learning. The Viswa Mahavidyalaya at Kanchi was established with the benign Blessings of Their Holiness Pujyasri Jayendra Saraswathi Swamiji and Pujyasri Sankara Vijayendra Saraswathi Swamiji and it attained the status of Deemed University in 1993. Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, formed under the aegis of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam Charitable Trust in 1993, is located in a sprawling complex of 50 acres at Enathur, at a distance of about 4 Kilometres from Kanchipuram.

Facilities

Anti ragging Cell
Auditorium
Bank/ATM
Cafeteria
Classroom
Clinical facilities
Computer Lab
Examination Halleria
Extra curricular activities
Gym
Hostel
Laboratory
Library
Parent Hospital
Placement Cell
Play Ground
Security
Sports
Temple
Transportation
Wifi
Rating Icon
Anti ragging Cell
Rating Icon
Auditorium
Rating Icon
Bank/ATM
Rating Icon
Cafeteria
Rating Icon
Classroom
Rating Icon
Clinical facilities
Rating Icon
Computer Lab
Rating Icon
Examination Halleria
Rating Icon
Extra curricular activities
Rating Icon
Gym
Rating Icon
Hostel
Rating Icon
Laboratory
Rating Icon
Library
Rating Icon
Parent Hospital
Rating Icon
Placement Cell
Rating Icon
Play Ground
Rating Icon
Security
Rating Icon
Sports
Rating Icon
Temple
Rating Icon
Transportation
Rating Icon
Wifi

Address

Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Street, Enathur,Kanchipuram-631561, Tamilnadu, India

https://www.kanchiuniv.ac.in/

044-27264293, 27264308, 27264301

Copyright 2024 College. All rights reserved